Haydn – Symphony No. 22 in E flat major ‘The Philosopher’ (1764)

Haydn’s Symphony No. 22 in E-flat major, “The Philosopher” (1764), is a notable early symphony written for Prince Esterházy.

Known for its unique instrumentation, it features two English horns (cors anglais) instead of oboes, creating a distinctive, sober color. Its nickname likely derives from the contemplative, serious nature of its slow opening movement.

The symphony is in four movements: Adagio, Presto, Menuet e Trio, and Finale (Presto). This slow-fast-slow-fast sequence of tempos corresponds to the sonata da chiesa of the Baroque era, although the musical language of the piece is Classical.

Key details about the symphony: 

• Instrumentation: The use of two English horns and two horns is unique among Haydn’s symphonies.
• Opening Movement: The Adagio features a wind “chorale” (representing a philosopher or perhaps a religious text) set against a moving string accompaniment, creating a contemplative atmosphere.
• Contrasting Movements: Following the serious opening, the symphony quickly shifts to a spirited, high-energy style, including a Presto with a “false reprise”.
• Context: Written in 1764, it shows Haydn’s early experimentation with symphonic sonority. 

The nickname “The Philosopher” was not likely given by Haydn himself but was established later, with manuscripts from around 1790 referring to it as “Le Philosophe”.